Addition Of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Research Articles

Effect of yeast and mycorrhizae inoculation on tomato production under normal and water stress conditions

The integration of beneficial microorganisms into agricultural systems can improve crop resistance to stress and increase yields. We studied tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production in a greenhouse experimental trial over a complete growing season. The experimental design involved three factors: irrigation condition (normal/low), addition of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Funneliformis mosseae (with/without), and inoculation with four native soil yeasts (Candida aff. ralunensis; Candida sake; Lachancea nothofagi and Candida oleophila). Co-inoculation of F. mosseae and yeasts did not affect the tomato plants. Addition of F. mosseae increased mycorrhizal colonization and production variables regardless of irrigation level; however, its effects on growth were variable. None of the inoculated yeasts increased mycorrhizal colonization. C. aff. ralunensis and C. oleophila inoculation increased stem diameter under all conditions studied. C. aff. ralunensis inoculation enhanced fruit set and the fruit/flower ratio under normal irrigation conditions, while C. sake inoculation increased the fruit/flower ratio under low irrigation conditions. Arbuscular mycorrhizae inoculation is presented as a beneficial production strategy to increase plant tolerance and improve water use. We propose that C. aff. ralunensis and C. oleophila inoculation improves plant vigor. Highlights: Tomato production under greenhouse conditions was studied during a complete growing season following a three-factor trial: irrigation condition (normal/low), addition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and inoculation with four native soil yeasts. Addition of arbuscular mycorrhizal increased mycorrhizal colonization and production variables regardless of irrigation level. Inoculation with two of the yeasts studied increased stem diameter under all conditions studied. Utilizing indigenous microorganisms could represent a promising alternative to external inoculants, potentially cutting down production costs and eliminating the necessity of introducing foreign microorganisms into the environment.

Soil addition improves multifunctionality of degraded grasslands through increasing fungal richness and network complexity

Soil addition is now widely used in the restoration of degraded ecosystems, but how soil addition influences multiple ecological functions of degraded grasslands, and whether these effects depend on the amount and type of soil inoculum, are still not clear. We performed two parallel experiments to examine how two different donor soil types and two amounts of donor soil addition affect the restoration of degraded grassland. In a field experiment at a degraded grassland site where the top layer of the soil was removed (5 cm), we assessed the effect of addition of soil collected from two different ecosystems (upland meadow and meadow steppe) and addition of different amounts of soil (0 cm, 1 cm and 3 cm) on ecosystem multifunctionality. In a microcosm experiment, we examined the effects of soil biotic and abiotic factors on ecosystem functions by inoculating sterilized and non-sterilized soil. Soil addition promoted the restoration of degraded grassland, particularly when higher amounts of soil were added. Both biotic and abiotic factors increased ecosystem multifunctionality. Biotic factors, especially fungal richness and network complexity, had the strongest positive effects on ecosystem multifunctionality. Our study reveals the importance of fungal communities in soil for improving ecosystem multifunctionality in restoration of degraded grassland. Future studies should explore the effects of joint addition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and saprophytic fungi on the ecosystem functions of degraded grasslands.

Response of Sagebrush Steppe Grass Species to AMF Inoculum Sources and Biochar.

The sagebrush steppe has presented increasing levels of degradation. The addition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and biochar have been suggested to restore ecosystems. However, little is known about their effects on sagebrush steppe plants. We tested three sources of AMF inoculum: soil from a disturbed site (Inoculum A), soil from an undisturbed site (Inoculum B), and commercial inoculum (Inoculum C), all with and without biochar, to test if they could mediate growth of Pseudoroegneria spicata (native perennial), Taeniatherum caput-medusae (early seral; exotic annual) and Ventenata dubia (early seral; exotic annual) under greenhouse conditions. We measured AMF colonization and biomass. We hypothesized that the plant species would be differently affected by the inoculum types. The colonization of T. caput-medusae and V. dubia was greatest when inoculated with Inoculum A (38.8% and 19.6%). In contrast, the colonization of P. spicata was greatest with Inoculum B and Inoculum C (32.1% and 32.2). Biochar decreased biomass production but increased colonization with Inoculum A for P. spicata and V. dubia and with Inoculum C for T. caput-medusae. This study reveals the response of early and late seral sagebrush steppe grass species to contrasting sources of AMF and suggests that late seral plant species respond better to late seral inocula.

Synergistic mechanisms of bioorganic fertilizer and AMF driving rhizosphere bacterial community to improve phytoremediation efficiency of multiple HMs-contaminated saline soil

The addition of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) or bioorganic fertilizer (BOF) alone has been reported to enhance plant tolerance to heavy metals and salt stress and promote plant growth, while their synergistic effects on plant growth and rhizosphere microorganism are largely unknown. This study explored the effects of AMF (Rhizophagus intraradices), BOF and BOF + RI assisted phytoremediation on heavy metals contaminated saline soil improvement and revealed the microbial mechanism. For this purpose, a pot trial consisting of four treatments (CK, RI, BOF and BOF + RI) was carried out. The results showed that the biomass, nutrient element contents, the accumulation of heavy metals and Na of Astragalus adsurgens and soil properties were most significantly improved by BOF + RI. BOF + RI significantly impacted rhizosphere microbial diversity, abundance and community composition. Chloroflexi and Patescibacteria at the phylum level and Actinomadura, Iamia, and Desulfosporosinus at the genus level were significantly enriched in BOF + RI. Network analysis revealed that BOF + RI significantly changed the keystone and enhanced complexity and interaction. Most of the keystones had roles in promoting plant growth and stress resistance. This study suggested that phytoremediation assisted by BOF and AMF is an attractive approach to ameliorate heavy metals contaminated saline soil.

Addition of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Biochar in the Cultivation Substrate Benefits Macronutrient Contents in Strawberry Plants

Addition of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Biochar in the Cultivation Substrate Benefits Macronutrient Contents in Strawberry Plants

Pemanfaatan Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskula (Fma) Pada Pot Organik Untuk Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Kayu Afrika (Maesopsis eminii Engl) di Persemaian Permanen Dramaga

The increase cultivation of tree causes the great number of polybags used. To reduce the polybag, the organic pot based on the organic materials that is environmentally friendly is able to be implemented. This study aimed to analyze the effect of organic pot with the addition of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) to develop the growth quality of Maesopsis eminii seedling. This study used the completely randomized design with two factors method. The results of this study showed that the interaction of organic pot treatment and the addition of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi were significantly affected on the height of Maesopsis eminii seedling. A single treatment of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) addition was significantly affected on the root dry weight as well as the percentage of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) colonization on the root of Maesopsis eminii seedling. The composition of organic pot of newspaper:rice husk with the addition of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi was the best treatment to enhance the growth of Maesopsis eminii seedling.
 Keywords: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), kayu afrika (Maesopsis eminii Engl), Organic Pot

Benefits of Native Mycorrhizal Amendments to Perennial Agroecosystems Increases with Field Inoculation Density

Perennial polyculture cropping systems are a novel agroecological approach used to mirror some of the ecological benefits provided by native perennial ecosystems including increased carbon and nitrogen storage, more stable soils, and reduced anthropogenic input. Plants selected for perennial agroecosystems are often closely related to native perennials known to be highly dependent on microbiome biota, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. However, most plantings take place in highly disturbed soils where tillage and chemical use may have rendered the AM fungal communities less abundant and ineffective. Studies of mycorrhizal amendments include inoculation densities of 2–10,000 kg of inocula per hectare. These studies report variable results that may depend on inocula volume, composition, or nativeness. Here, we test the response of 19 crop plant species to a native mycorrhizal fungal community in a greenhouse and field experiment. In our field experiment, we chose eight different densities of AM fungal amendment, ranging from 0 to 8192 kg/hectare, representing conventional agricultural practices (no AM fungi addition), commercial product density recommendations, and higher densities more typical of past scientific investigation. We found that plant species that benefited from native mycorrhizal inocula in the greenhouse also benefited from inoculation in the field polyculture planting. However, the densities of mycorrhizal inocula suggested on commercial mycorrhizal products were ineffective, and higher concentrations were required to detect significant benefit plant growth and survival. These data suggest that higher concentrations of mycorrhizal amendment or perhaps alternative distribution methods may be required to utilize native mycorrhizal amendment in agroecology systems.

Effects of Soil Organisms on Aboveground Plant-Insect Interactions in the Field: Patterns, Mechanisms and the Role of Methodology

Soil biota-plant interactions play a dominant role in terrestrial ecosystems. Through nutrient mineralization and mutualistic or antagonistic interactions with plants soil biota can affect plant performance and physiology and via this affect plant-associated aboveground insects. There is a large body of work in this field that has already been synthesized in various review papers. However, most of the studies have been carried out under highly controlled laboratory or greenhouse conditions. Here, we review studies that manipulate soil organisms of four dominant taxa (i.e. bacteria, fungi, nematodes and soil arthropods) in the field and assess the effects on the growth of plants and interactions with associated aboveground insects. We show that soil organisms play an important role in shaping plant-insect interactions in the field and that general patterns can be found for some taxa. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria generally have negative effects on herbivore performance or abundance, most likely through priming of defenses in the host plant. Addition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has positive effects on sap sucking herbivores, which is likely due to positive effects of AMF on nutrient levels in the phloem. The majority of AMF effects on chewers were neutral but when present, AMF effects were positive for specialist and negative for generalist chewing herbivores. AMF addition has negative effects on natural enemies in the field, suggesting that AMF may affect plant attractiveness for natural enemies, e.g. through volatile profiles. Alternatively, AMF may affect the quality of prey or host insects mediated by plant quality, which may in turn affect the performance and density of natural enemies. Nematodes negatively affect the performance of sap sucking herbivores (generally through phloem quality) but have no effect on chewing herbivores. For soil arthropods there are no clear patterns yet. We further show that the methodology used plays an important role in influencing the outcomes of field studies. Studies using potted plants in the field and studies that remove target soil taxa by means of pesticides are most likely to detect significant results. Lastly, we discuss suggestions for future research that could increase our understanding of soil biota-plant-insect interactions in the field.

Interações entre fungos micorrízicos arbusculares, rizóbio e actinomicetos na rizosfera de soja

Isolados de actinomicetos e de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares foram avaliados em sistemas de inoculação conjunta in vivo, em plantas de soja inoculadas com rizóbios, com a finalidade de se observar interações microbianas. A pesquisa foi realizada no Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Agrobiologia (Embrapa CNPAB). Foram utilizados, como substrato, solo da série Itaguaí (textura média) misturado com areia de rio na proporção 1:1 (v:v), com adição de isolados de actinomicetos (ACT-78 e ACT-370); estirpes de rizóbios (Bradyrhizobium elkanii - BR 29 e Bradyrhizobium japonicum - BR 33) e fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (Gigaspora margarita e Glomus clarum). Os resultados revelam que a inoculação com os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares influenciou de modo expressivo as variáveis de crescimento, nodulação e densidade de actinomicetos na rizosfera de soja, que apresentaram valores maiores do que as plantas sem o inóculo fúngico. Houve efeitos sinergísticos e antagônicos dos fungos micorrízicos arbusculares com os actinomicetos e com rizóbios.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization Alters Subcellular Distribution and Chemical Forms of Cadmium in Medicago sativa L. and Resists Cadmium Toxicity

Some plants can tolerate and even detoxify soils contaminated with heavy metals. This detoxification ability may depend on what chemical forms of metals are taken up by plants and how the plants distribute the toxins in their tissues. This, in turn, may have an important impact on phytoremediation. We investigated the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus intraradices, on the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of cadmium (Cd) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) that were grown in Cd-added soils. The fungus significantly colonized alfalfa roots by day 25 after planting. Colonization of alfalfa by G. intraradices in soils contaminated with Cd ranged from 17% to 69% after 25–60 days and then decreased to 43%. The biomass of plant shoots with AM fungi showed significant 1.7-fold increases compared to no AM fungi addition under the treatment of 20 mg·kg−1 Cd. Concentrations of Cd in the shoots of alfalfa under 0.5, 5, and 20 mg·kg−1 Cd without AM fungal inoculation are 1.87, 2.92, and 2.38 times higher, respectively, than those of fungi-inoculated plants. Fungal inoculation increased Cd (37.2–80.5%) in the cell walls of roots and shoots and decreased in membranes after 80 days of incubation compared to untreated plants. The proportion of the inactive forms of Cd in roots was higher in fungi-treated plants than in controls. Furthermore, although fungi-treated plants had less overall Cd in subcellular fragments in shoots, they had more inactive Cd in shoots than did control plants. These results provide a basis for further research on plant-microbe symbioses in soils contaminated with heavy metals, which may potentially help us develop management regimes for phytoremediation.

Growth respone, production and quality of grass resulted from addition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and humic acid on acid soil with high aluminium content.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can help plant to uptake of low P availability in acid soils because of the ability of AMF to adapt from acid soil. Humic acid plays a role in adsorption metals such as Al. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of addition of AMF and humic acid to acid soils on growth, yield and quality of grass. A complete randomized design with factorial pattern was applied to two types of grasses, namely: Setaria splendida (Al-tolerance) and Chloris gayana (Al-sensitive). The first factor is the addition of AMF, which consists of two levels, namely: -AMF = without AMF. +AMF = with AMF. The second factor was the addition of humic acid which consists of four levels, namely: Ho = without humic acid, H 60 = 60 ppm humic acid usage, H 120 = 120 ppm humic acid usage and H 180 = 180 ppm humic acid usage. Variables measured were dry matter production of shoot and roots, uptake of P and N, the production of phosphatase, root infection, the number of spores. AMF and humic acid augmentation on Setaria splendida did not affect on growth and production, but they improved the uptake of P and N total. AMF augmentation enhanced growth, yield and quality of the Chloris gayana . The use of 180 ppm of humic acid could improve the quality of Setaria splendida and Chloris gayana . Key Words: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Humic Acid, Acid Soil, Setaria splendida , Chloris gayana

Incidence of microdochium patch disease in golf putting greens and a relationship with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Abstract A survey of pesticide records of golf courses was conducted to ascertain the incidence of microdochium patch disease, the most important turf grass pathogen in the UK. Disease incidence has remained steady over the last 10 years, but a wide variation was found in the incidence between courses. On average, golf courses suffered more than seven separate attacks of the disease per annum, with two distinct patterns being found. In one, disease was confined to spring and autumn, while in the other, outbreaks occurred with a similar frequency throughout the year. A negative correlation was found to exist between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal abundance and disease incidence, while addition of AM fungi to a putting green produced some evidence that this resulted in a reduction in pathogen attack. It is concluded that AM fungi may have potential for use in a biocontrol programme against microdochium patch in fine turf.